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- TO: X3T9.2 Committee X3T9.2-89-018 R0
- FROM: Kurt Chan, Hewlett-Packard 1/12/89
- SUBJECT: Preliminary Cable Test Results
-
- In document 88-150 I outlined some tests that would be performed on SCSI-2
- cables (single-ended, open-collector). The objective was to make a
- comparison under worst-case conditions between SCSI-1 cables and new SCSI-2
- proposed cables.
-
- The configuration under test consisted of 7 "devices":
-
-
- <-------- DEVICE CLUSTER #2 ------->
- DEVICE CLUSTER #1 +---+ +---+
- <-----------------> | 4 | | 6 |
- +-+-+ +-+-+
- +---+ Unshielded 4.0 m .25m .25m | .25m .25m |.25m +---+
- | 1 |------+------[]=================[]-----+-----+------+------+------| 7 |
- +---+ .25m | .25m Shielded | Unshielded | +---+
- +-+-+ (~100 ohms) +-+-+ +-+-+
- | 2 | | 3 | | 5 |
- +---+ +---+ +---+
-
-
- Each device consisted of:
-
- Switchable termination network (potentiometers) --+
- |
- |
- +------------------------|--+
- |-| | |
- |-| _ |
- |-| +-|_| |
- |-| ACK- signal | _ |
- |-|-------------------+-|_| |
- |-| | |
- |-| | | |
- +-----------|------------|--+
- | | |
- | | |
- SCSI-1 device connector ---+ | |
- (2 rows, 25 pins/row) | |
- | |
- 3.5" 30 AWG wire over ground plane ---+ |
- |
- Fixed capacitor (12 pF - 22 pF) -------------------+
-
- When testing the high-density cables, cluster 1 was connected using 30 AWG
- AMP cable (labelled "75 ohm"), and cluster 2 was connected using 28 AWG AMP
- cable (labelled "93 ohm"). All of the SCSI-1 cable was standard 50-mil
- ribbon cable (approx 90 ohms).
-
- TERMPWR was initially fixed at 3.9V across the entire bus per my worst-case
- TERMPWR analysis found in document X3T9.2-88-165. Termination resistors
- initially were set to 220/330. The driver consisted of an open-drain 2N6659
- FET with 5ns rise time driven by an HP 8165A Programmable Signal Generator.
- The signal under test is pin 38 (ACK).
-
- After building instrumentation to measure "faults" on the bus, the following
- observations were made:
-
- 1. It was difficult to make hysteresis of the ECL receivers immune to
- variations in frequency, especially at the high end, and especially
- because such tight control over the hysteresis voltage was necessary.
-
- 2. In most cases, errors were either continuous or never occurred.
- Therefore, our hope to come up with error rate metrics to evaluate
- cable schemes showed little promise. Errors nearly always occurred on
- every clock cycle, or not at all. Also, both subtle (50 millivolt)
- and gross (>.5V) violations of the spec are interpreted identically
- using the counter approach.
-
- Oscilloscope traces proved to be the most useful tools for showing signal
- quality. An HP 54111D sampling scope (1 GHz) was used to document the
- results.
-
- CONCLUSIONS
- -----------
- Some preliminary conclusions can be made, even before other cables are
- submitted for testing:
-
- 1. Neither one of the cable systems passes 50 ns (10 MHz) pulses reliably,
- even with only one target and one initiator connected. However, 10 MHz
- signals CAN be passed reliably if worst-case parameters are not used
- (shorter cable lengths, higher TERMPWR, fewer devices, shorter stubs,
- etc.). All subsequent tests were performed at 5 MHz unless otherwise
- specified. Margin testing was not done to determine the combination of
- parameters that yielded reliable 10 MHz operation.
-
- 2. Device capacitance differences of 10 pF makes a measurable difference
- in the signal quality. In some cases devices with 17 pF passed where
- devices with 27 pF failed.
-
- 3. Introducing worst-case 10% resistors caused the system to fail. If a
- system is experiencing worst-case TERMPWR along with worst-case receiver
- thresholds, 242/297 terminators will reduce the high noise margin enough
- to make the system unreliable. See 88-165 for an analysis - 1% is
- preferred, 5% should be mandatory.
-
- 4. The devices experiencing the worst reflections seemed to consistently
- be those two devices nearest to the border between the shielded and
- unshielded cables (devices 2 at .25 meters and device 3 at 4.75 meters).
- Other configurations may differ - the waveform shape is highly dependent
- on (and sensitive to changes in) device spacing, device capacitance, etc.
-
- 5. Paul Boulay's 2.6V TERMPWR scheme with 100 ohm pullups showed significant
- improvement in some cases. More testing will be made on this recent
- proposal by Paul.
-
- 6. Most modern TTL receivers have an intrinsic (Schottky) diode at their
- inputs which helps to clamp negative-going signals. However, MOS parts
- lack this intrinsic diode and therefore may experience voltages as low
- as -2 Volts. By clamping the large initial negative swing, the
- subsequent positive reflection is also subdued, which may prevent
- spurious assertions. It is HIGHLY recommended that some form of
- high-speed clamping diode (in discrete form - 1N5711 or 1N6263) be used
- with MOS devices which do not have this intrinsic diode.
-
- 7. TERMPWR should be kept as high as possible. In 89-165, I showed that
- with 5% resistors and .1 mA sink current, bus signals will only release
- to 2.09 volts DC (under worst-case conditions). Keeping TERMPWR as high
- as possible is one method of improving the high-level noise margin.
-
- 8. The AMP cables tested were negligibly more sensitive to some worst-case
- parameters than the SCSI-1 cables. However, the results will continue
- to be preliminary until other vendors submit samples for testing so
- I can do A-B-C comparisons. Future testing will focus on:
-
- o crosstalk sensitivity,
- o 2.6V to 100 ohm termination,
- o sensitivity to stub length (on real copper foil traces over ground
- plane)
- o repeating existing tests with samples from other vendors.
-